It will be seen from above-mentioned discussions how Islam, for the first time in history of religions, explained "Tawheed" (Oneness of God) in such a way that there was no misunderstanding afterwards.

The Jews believed in one God, but theirs was not the universal but tribal god. And even then, they had fallen in the pitfall of giving Uzair the title of 'son of God'.

It is the direct result of the teaching of Islam that Jews left calling a man 'son of God'. Christians are trying to re-interpret the dogma of Trinity; Hindus were compelled to rediscover that Vedas teach Unity of God and that idol-worship was wrong.

The Sura of Tawheed is one of the shortest Suras of Qur'an. It established the pure belief in the oneness of God, rejecting all types of 'Shirk' is these words:

"Say: He is God, The One and Only; God, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, Nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him." (Sura CXII)

The first sentence of the Islamic Kalimah, i.e. "There is no god except Allah" leads a Muslim throughout his life not only in religious matters but in social behaviour also. "There is no god" shows a Muslim that nothing in the Universe is superior to Him. It is observed in Qur'an that "He it is Who created for you all that is in the earth." So a Muslim knows that nothing in this world is to be worshipped. Neither stone nor trees, neither animals nor human beings; neither the Sun, the Moon nor the Stars can be worshipped, because everything is created and created for His benefit. When a Muslim thus has rejected every falsehood and every idea of nature-worship, idol worship and human-worship, he is ready to believe in the positive truth of the Unity of God. Believing in a Supreme Being gives an aim to our life and provides a purpose for our actions. Had a man been left with the wrong impression that there was no God at all, his life would have been aimless, and an aimless life is dangerous. So it is added that there is no god "except Allah". This sentence has a negative as well as a positive aspect. Both are instrumental in creating the belief that every man is equal to every other person. When nobody is superior, nobody is inferior. Thus, the belief in the Unity of God promotes the sense of brotherhood and equality and equity, which is another feature of Islam.

Now time has come to explain in short what is our belief concerning God. In preceding chapters almost all the aspects of our belief have been explained. It should be apparent by now that there are many attributes, which are a MUST for God, while there are others, which are beneath His dignity and cannot be found in Him.

Therefore, in our faith, the attributes of Allah have been grouped as 'positive' and 'negative'.

Sifaat-e-Thubutiyyah

The positive attributes, which are befitting Allah, are called Sifaat-e-Thubutiyyah. They are many in number, but only eight of them are usually mentioned. They are:

1. QADEEM: It means that Allah is Eternal, i.e., He has neither beginning nor end. Nothing except Allah is eternal.

2. QAADIR: It is means that Allah is Omnipotent, i.e., He has power over every thing and every affair.

3. AALIM: It means that Allah is Omniscient, i.e., He knows everything. Even our unspoken intentions and desires are not hidden from Him.

4. HAI: It means that Allah was always alive and will remain alive forever.

5. MUREED: It means that Allah has His own will and discretion in all affairs. He does not do anything under compulsion.

6. MUDRIK: It means that He is All-Perceiving, 'as-Samii' (All-Hearing), 'Baseer' (All-Seeing). Allah sees and hears everything without any need of eyes or ears.

7. MUTAKALLIM: It means Allah is the master of the word, i.e., He can create speech in anything, as He did in a tree for Hadhart Musa (a.s.) and in the "curtain of light" for our Holy Prophet (s.a.w.).

8. SADIQ: It means Allah is true in His words and promises.

It is impossible to fix any limit to His attributes. This list is not exhaustive but is essential to understand the Glory of Allah. These attributes are not acquired but are inherent in the conception of Divinity.

Sifaat-e-Salbiyyah

The negative attributes, which cannot be found in Allah because they are below His dignity, are called "Sifat-e-Salbiyyah". They are many but like "Sifaat-e-Thubutiyyah" only eight are listed here. They are:

1. SHAREEK: The world "shareek" means a colleague or partner. Allah has neither a colleague not a partner in His Divinity.

2. MURAKKAB: This world means "Compound" or "Mixed". Allah is neither made, nor composed of any material. He cannot be divided even in imagination.

3. MAKAAN: It means "Place" Allah is not in a place because He has no body, and He is everywhere because his power and knowledge is magnificently apparent everywhere.

4. HULOOL: It means "Entering" Nothing enters into Allah nor does He enter into anything or anybody. Therefore, the belief of Incarnation in any form is abhorrent to the conception of Divinity.

5. MAHALLE HAWADIS: This means "Subject to Changes". Allah cannot change.

6. MAR-I: It means "Visible". Allah is not visible. He has not been seen, is not seen and will never be seen.

7. IHTIYAJ: It means "Dependence" or "Need". Allah is not deficient in any virtue, so He does not need anything. He is All-Perfect.

8. SIFAATE ZAID: This means "Added Qualifications." The attributes of Allah are not separate from His Being. When we say that God is Omnipotent and Merciful, we do not mean that His Power and Mercy are something different from His Person. We see that a child is born without any power, and then he acquires strength day by day. It is so because power is not his person. God is not like this. He is Power Himself; Mercy Himself; Knowledge Himself; Justice Himself; Virtue Himself; Truth Himself and so on.

It will thus be seen that according to Islam ALLAH is the name of God as perceived in the light of the above Positive and Negative Attributes. In other words, ALLAH is the Creator of the Universe, Self-Existent, the source of all perfection and free from all defects.

The proper name, which Islam uses for God, is "ALLAH". 'ALLAH" means "One Who deserves to be loved" and "Into Whom everyone seeks refuge." This word, grammatically speaking, is unique. It has no plural and no feminine. So this name itself reflects light upon the fact that Allah is one and only one; He has neither any partner nor any equal. The name cannot properly be translated by the word "God" because God can be transformed in 'gods' and goddess".

Two more frequently used names are Rahman and Rahim.

Rahman signifies that Allah is Merciful and that His Mercy encompasses each and everything in the universe without any distinction on account of faith or belief. He makes, creates and sustains everything and every man, whether he be a Muslim or kafir.

Rahim signifies that the Mercy of Allah on the Day of Judgment will surround the true believers only, and that unbelievers and hypocrites will be left out.

It is apparent that both of these names signify a distinct aspect of God's Mercy. His Mercy in this world, as signified by 'Rahman' is general; and the one in the life-hereafter, as signified by 'Rahim' is special.

It will be of interest to note that the word 'Rahman' cannot be used except for Allah, while 'Rahim' can be used for others also.

That is why it has been told by Imam that "Rahman is a reserved name which denotes unreserved Mercy, and Rahim is an unreserved name which denotes Reserved Mercy."

Question: One of the names of Allah is 'Khaliq' i.e., Creator. As Allah was Creator from ever, does it not follow that the created things, i.e., the universe are from ever?

Answer: Allah was not creating from ever. If you study carefully you will find that the attributes of God, as mentioned in the above chapter, may easily be divided into groups:

First, there are those attributes, which can never be separated from the conception of divinity. For example, we say that God is Qaadir (Omnipotent) Aalim (Omniscient) and Hai (Everliving). These are such attributes, which can never be separated from the conception of God, because there never was a time when God was not Omnipotent, Omniscient or Living. He was Qaadir, Aalim and Hai from ever, and will remain Qaadir, Aalim and Hai forever.

Such attributes refer to the person of Allah, and are, therefore, called 'Sifaat-e-Dhat' (Attributes of Person of Allah).

Second there are the attributes, which describe the actions of Allah. For example, we say that Allah is 'Khaaliq' (Creator), 'Raaziq' (Sustainer) etc. These are the Attributes, which describe the actions of Allah, and are, therefore, called 'Sifaat-e-Afaal' (Attributes of Actions of Allah).

These actions were not from ever, and therefore these attributes were not used for Allah, from ever. You know that Allah is 'Mureed". He acts according to His own plan and His own Will. He is not like fire, which burns without any intention or will of it own. Nor is He like the sun, which goes on giving light and warmth without intention and will of its own. Allah works according to His own plan. He created when He wished, and not before that.

It does not mean that God had no power to create. The power to create was there from ever; because the 'Power' is not separate from His Person. But the appearance of that power, and bringing it into effect was not from ever. In short, Allah had power to create from ever, but He did not create from ever. And when He created, He was called Khaaliq; but not before that.

Likewise, when He sustained, He was called 'Raaziq'; when He forgave, He was called 'Ghaffaar'; when He avenged, He was called Qahhaar; when He gave life, He was called 'Muhyi'; when He gave death, He was called 'Mumeet'.

Answer any five of the following questions:

1. Does science prove that there is no God?
2. Can God be incarnated in anything?
3. Keeping in view the arguments of oneness of God, how will you refute the Christian belief that the one God has three persons - Father, Son and Holy Ghost?
4. Describe the detailed meanings of Allah, Rehman and Rahim?
5. Is matter eternal?
6. Give two examples to prove that the world was not created by chance?
7. What is the wise course for agnostics?

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